Confraternal chivalric orders: foundation by a nobleman, either high nobility or low nobility. Monarchical chivalric orders: foundation by a monarch who is a fount of honour either ruling or not. Protestant chivalric orders: blessed by the heads of Protestant churches. Orthodox chivalric orders: blessed by the heads of Orthodox churches. Catholic chivalric orders: membership exclusively for members of the Catholic Church. Modern chivalric orders: foundation after 1789. Medieval chivalric orders: foundation of the order during the Middle Ages or the Renaissance. Chivalric orders by time of foundation:. Confraternal orders (as seen in military orders)īased on Boulton, this article distinguishes:. In a more generous distribution proposed in The Knights in the Crown: The Monarchical Orders of Knighthood in Late Medieval Europe (1987), the Canadian heraldist D'Arcy Boulton classifies chivalric orders as follows: 
Dynastic orders of a sovereign royal dynasty, either an active "dynastic state actor", otherwise a "non-national dynastic order", as the head of a formerly reigning royal house operating under iure collationis, typically approved by Papal bulls in the case of older origins. Sovereign orders: the only extant one in this category is the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, an international sovereign entity. Pontifical equestrian orders, conferred by the Pope. State orders: " orders of merit" of a nation state, rewarding military or civil merit of its citizens, legally based on the sovereignty of their states. The Secretariat of the State of the Holy See - medieval pioneer - distinguishes orders in the following manner: Over time, the above division became no longer sufficient, and heraldic science distinguished orders into: hereditary, military, religious and fees. invested by the Pope or other sovereign, thus somewhat comparable to dynastic orders of knighthood, or later by feudal lords and knights elderly "Knights of the Cross", comparable to the modern term military orders. 
In Dell'origine dei Cavalieri (1566), the Italian scholar Francesco Sansovino (1521–1586) distinguished knights and their respective societies in three main categories:
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